The Success of Lillian Vernons Mail Order Business :: Business

The Success of Lillian Vernon's Mail Order Business Everything started with high contrast in 1951. Today, about 45 years afterward, the mail request business of Lillian Vernon has cleared the mail request advertise and kept up a money related toehold where others proved unable. Lillian Hochberg (presently known as Lillian Vernon) began her business at her Lillian's inspiration was to enhance her significant other's then $150 dollar a week salary by working from her home. She could be homemaker and help with the accounts as well. Her prosperity began by utilizing $495 dollars of wedding blessing cash to put in a mail request advertisement in Seventeen magazine selling an cheap calfskin belt with coordinating handbag that she herself had planned. As a snare, she offered to moaker in the Chelsea region of New York, made the two things for around $3 dollars. The handbag and belt came in dark, tan, or red and sold for $7 dollars.(Youman, N, 1989, pg 26) Following a month and a half of publicizing Lillian had gotten over $16 thousand dollars in mail orders. Her belt and satchel were such a hit, she right away expanded her stock to modest gems and make-up stuff. In the course of recent years, Lillian has had two children, Fred and David Hochberg, both of whom joined their mom's business and immediately ascended through the the board positions. With their assistance, her - little business+ opened up to the world in 1987 on the American Stock Exchange. Since the Lillian Vernon Corporation opened up to the world, it has defeated the unavoidable yet close to deadly injuries that face each pioneering venture. For this situation, insufficient figuring limit and wasteful warehome the client submits the request to the time they get the product via the post office. Lillian Vernon has not depended on socioeconomics to offer her items to people in general. Rather, her mystery to achievement lies in womens instinct. The lean seat-of-the-pants activity she inclines toward makes her organization massively lithe. For instance, in 1985, Lillian seen the cacooning pattern and promptly put a furniture claim to fame list together. She got the pattern right yet the massive requests overpowered the organization's satisfaction capacity. (Youman, N. 1989, pg 26). In 1993, when Sears reported that after numerous years it will stop distribution of its mammoth index, known as the - wish-book,+ a long ch During when the mail request mammoths were curtailing, the Lillian Vernon Corporation. investigated their index databases to get out clients who had not requested in a long while. During their audit, they found that a large number of the dynamic clients were purchasing presents for kids and

A kid who currently doesn't have insurance and is being transported to Research Paper

A child who at present doesn't have protection and is being moved to another emergency clinic with asthma and pneumonia - Research Paper Example These incorporate the patient’s wellbeing condition, the method of transport, and separation between the two medical clinics, among others (University of Maryland, 2009, p. 47). The sort of clinical hardware required to move a patient affects the money related load of patient vehicle. The kind of clinical gear required is reliant on the wellbeing state of the patient. A patient with a state of coronary illness would require satisfactory frameworks to be available inside the vehicle; empowering the staff to manage any difficulties that may emerge during transport. This converts into a bigger money related weight on the patient. For this situation the youngster shipped has asthma and pneumonia. Asthma and pneumonia are not as serious and basic as coronary illness. Be that as it may, the hardware required for transportation despite everything comprises of costly gadgets, for example, Cardiac screens, beat oximeter, oxygen conveyance framework, and intubation gear including others (Jaimovich and Vidyasgar, 2002, p. 236). The separation between the two medical clinics is vital in choosing the methods for transport. For little separations; intra city transport, ground vehicles are perfect. For enormous separations; intercity transport, air transport is liked.

Tom Nigro Per.6 Essays - Dresses, Toga, Roman Empire,

Tom Nigro per.6 Latin Report It is 20 B.C. furthermore, I live in the Roman Empire, really I live in the city of Rome itself. The Roman Empire is the best force on the planet. In spite of the fact that I have not voyage a lot of I realize that it is made out of the Italian promontory, arrives around the Mediterranean Sea, from the British Isles to North Africa and from Spain to the Persian Gulf. It has taken over 700 years for Rome to set up such a huge realm and battled numerous wars to do as such. We are a republic, represented by a Senate which settles on the greater part of the choice resembles money related and international strategies however until 509 B.C. we were administered by lords. Our present Emperor is Augustus Caesar. My city was established, as legend has it, by the twin siblings Romulus and Remus who were children of the war god Mars. They were relinquished as babies close to the bank of the Tiber River where they were later found by a female wolf and raised by her until certain shepherds safegu arded them. Here the two young men grew as of recently Romulus murdered his sibling in a contention and afterward established the city of Rome which is named after him. I was conceived in Rome and lived here as long as I can remember. I have not gone a long way from my home, just to the extent a days walk. Be that as it may, a few people I know have leased ponies and gone on incredible excursions. Some have even ridden on the exchanging ships that journey the oceans. In terms of professional career I am a shoemaker like my dad and his dad before him. There are numerous specialists here in Rome. There are potters and metal specialists and artisans to give some examples. I have a shop around near the other specialists. My shop has a little yard in the back and a counter in the front where it opens out onto the road. Huge numbers of my individual specialists and retailers live in lofts over their shops however I live in a different high rise not a long way from my work. High rises or insulae are everywhere. Mine is 5 stories and I am lucky to have an overhang sitting above the bustling road underneath. My structure has shops and boutiques in it which i s helpful for me when I need something, however I do need to impart wellsprings and restrooms and showers to the next condo occupants. Since I am not hitched at this point this isn't a lot of a bother for me . As a matter of fact heading off to the open showers is something that I appreciate. The showers close to my loft have an exercise center, gardens, and a decent perusing room that I can exploit. It is a decent an ideal opportunity to meet individuals and associate following a monotonous day. The men obviously are isolated from the ladies and a few showers are held distinctly for the first class. We do have a class framework here. I have a place with the social class called the humiliores or skilled workers and retailers. There are numerous different classes from the rich Senators right down to the Slaves. All individuals here are not rewarded similarly, those with cash are ensured by laws, those without have hardly any rights. I am not lucky enough to be affluent and need to wo rk professionally. My day begins early. I may have a quick bite of a bread with water, around early afternoon I will have an a lot heavier supper of organic product, meat, fish, and wine. After work I head to the showers to unwind and afterward will have my supper. New food is difficult to arrive contingent upon the season and where it originates from, such an extensive amount what I eat is cured, dried, or salted and vigorously prepared with seasonings and herbs to support the flavor. Like everybody when I get up I need to choose what to ear to work. It truly is definitely not an appallingly hard choice. Individuals like me or plebeians wear a knee-length tunic produced using a coarse dull material and it very well may be either short or long sleeved. I put a frock over my tunic which

International Market Entry and Development Research Paper

Worldwide Market Entry and Development - Research Paper Example This lack in basis is very evident in the definitive variables that are practical to separate the universal markets in contrast with each other in order to settle on to enter the market of proper nations. The nations that are picked for activities in the worldwide business are for the most part subject to the components of quickness or individual decision in contrast with variables, for example, size of the market, pace of progress or accommodation (Cateora and Ghauri, 2000). Picking a suitable nation is given indispensable significance attributable to the unfeasibility of attempting to enter all the states and countries in a worldwide setting. This includes money related and gracefully restrictions just as the monstrous measure of likely risk happening from picking a market that is poor (Alon, 2004). Statistical surveying Process It is very vital to direct a careful statistical surveying while at the same time entering in another worldwide market so as to evaluate the potential dang ers in the outside market. Flopping in understanding the issues would bring about executing right choices for inaccurate issues. Global markets are new to the advertiser in this way, there are high prospects of misjudging the issues in the new outside market. In this manner, it very well may be comprehended that it is very basic to do an exploration that is analytical so as to increase an appropriate comprehension of the market circumstances and issues (Zainbooks, n.d.). The exploration methodology for business will include a four stage system. In the initial step, the goals of research with respect to the size of the structure of the market and the idea of the item in the new market are resolved. The structure of the market includes the market size and the improvement stage among others and the idea of the item would include that how the item is distinguished in the new market. This additionally includes finding out the capability of the market for the particular item alongside the methodology of the clients towards the item. The subsequent advance arrangements with organizing or planning a legitimate research plan where the goals of the exploration ought to be translate into specific data necessities. In the third step, the examination plan is actualized and to deduce in the last advance the discoveries and the subtleties are assessed just as deciphered (Zainbooks, n.d.). Item Adaptation and Approaches to Promotional Strategies While entering another outside market, it gets vital for the item that will be acquainted with adjust as per the new remote market. This basically intends to alter the item with the goal that it reflects the qualities of the new market. This is significant as the customers are distinctive in the remote market. This would likewise demonstrate invaluable as this adjustment will help in obliging it among the purchasers and would likewise guarantee delayed infiltration. There are hardly any adjustments that become obligatory for an item w hile entering another outside market. These incorporate the administration guidelines, social basics, for example, regardless of whether the item is reasonable for the customers, innovative contemplations, for example,

Perfect Exploratory Essay All You Need is Thorough Research

Immaculate Exploratory Essay All You Need is Thorough Research Flawless Exploratory Essay: All You Need is Thorough Research Exploratory papers are intended to investigate certain ideas or impression of subject data. They are not the same as different expositions since they will in general give the peruser a more extensive thought on a theme and even beg genuine circumstance of the subject point. Along these lines, it implies that for this sort of composing it is important to accumulate a ton of significant data in light of the fact that the intensity of influence here is demonstrated realities. Rather than persuading the peruser or the crowd in the legitimacy of a postulation, it is conceivable to examine on issues and draw some type of starter finishes of how to determine it. Furthermore, it shapes the center of one’s composition and thinking process as they work through a weak issue. For these types of paper, one should be contemplative and consider the speculation procedure overall establishment for the article to come out as plainly as expected. Exploratory Essay Features Gives more consideration to an issue than a thought. Here, before picking the appropriate one, a few answers for the issue are examined and their quality and shortcomings are resolved. The article can be drawn closer in two different ways: Review †here the end is first drawn and the other exploratory parts written so that it fits the end making the exposition look equally smooth. Improvised †this technique makes the article look increasingly one of a kind and common and is generally favored by certain instructors if not all. Exploratory Essay Structure Presentation In the presentation, an issue is recognized, illustrated, investigated and clarified based on its significance. Additionally one ought to compose brief conversation on: potential reasons for issues, establishment and individuals associated with the issue, potential arrangements. It is required to give a short depiction on the kinds of sources and materials that one looked into during the time of enquiry also. Body The body is a progression of sections that will in general talk about progressively about the subject point. It comprises of a conversation of the enquiry procedure that followed the examination of the specific issues of intrigue. These sections ought to incorporate the accompanying: A prologue to the source and a clarification of the source inclination and use in the investigation procedure. A clarification of some fundamental data found in the source with respect to the issue in dispute. A nitty gritty conversation with regards to why the data acquired from the source is indispensable and how it might assist with taking care of an issue. A kind of close to home contemplation on how the source helped you and how it permitted you to think in an alternate manner about that feeble issue, and how it diminished your desires and guided you to another way to deal with the exploration. End In the end rehash the issue being investigated and its potential causes with outcomes. Audit the establishments and individuals associated with the laid out issues and examine some other inquiries emerging from the examination and why you think they are coming up. Finally, feature potential answers for these issues. What's more, here you go, an ideal exploratory article. At composing administration you can without much of a stretch purchase exploratory paper on the web, totally uniquely composed without any preparation by scholarly specialists. Tail us!

Decision Day Eve

Decision Day Eve So tomorrow is that fateful day. May 1. Otherwise known as the Common Reply Date. The day by which you need to let your colleges know your decision. If youre still undecided: How can we help you make your decision? What more would you like to know about MIT? What are your lingering concerns? I am available, as are all of the bloggers, to field questions below in the comments, all the way through midnight tomorrow If you havent yet replied: As soon as youve made up your mind for sure about whether or not to attend MIT, please let us know your decision through the online reply form at MyMIT. You have three choices: tell us youre enrolling this fall (Yay! Welcome officially to the MIT Class of 2012!), that youre declining our offer of admission (its okay, we know youre making the best choice for yourself), or to request a deferral/gap year(s) before enrolling at MIT (for a gap year, military service, or other reason). Whatever your decision is, please do reply through the online form as soon as you can. This way, we can ensure the fairest treatment of waitlisted students. If you need more time because you dont have complete financial aid information: Students can request an extension of the May 1 deadline in order to complete and contemplate financial aid. Please contact Joanne Cummings in the Admissions Office to request the extension, and be sure to also be in touch with your financial aid officer. If youre already said YES to MIT: Yay! Several things will happen soon. First, you should make sure youve signed the guestbook on MyMIT so you can stay in the MIT Class of 2012 Facebook group. Second, we will begin sending out the Next Big Mailing (NBM) soon start thinking about an email address soon (look for more in a future entry). Were looking forward to seeing you in the fall! If youve already said NO to MIT: First: thank you. Its been a real pleasure getting to know you. Weve spent the last year thinking about you, getting to know you, talking to you, your parents, and more. After a ridiculously competitive admissions process, we chose you from the thousands upon thousands of super-qualified applicants, because we truly believe in you. And, in the process, we grew very attached to you, and not just for what youd bring to the MIT community, but also for the amazing persons you are. Like a wise man once said, for us, its more than a job. Its hard not to get attached. This college process, is, of course, a two-way street. You get to choose where to apply, then we (the admissions officers) choose whom to admit, but the final choice is yours which school is the best fit for you? We knew coming in that approximately one-third of all of the students we admitted would choose to enroll somewhere else. Thats a statistic. But zooming in, there are 500 individuals who find a better match, and letting go of other options can be hard on both sides. That can be emotional. To those of you who have written in with personal letters some bordering on apologies (theres nothing to apologize for!) letting us know that youre choosing another school thats a better fit for you: thank you for your letters, thank you for your friendship, and congratulations on making a great choice for yourself. This isnt the end of the road, and I hope youll feel free to keep in touch and talk about all the amazing things that happen in your life. In the end, wherever you ended up for college, you were going to be an awesome person. I truly and honestly wish you all the best for your next four years and beyond. Youve got an amazingly bright future ahead. If youre on the waitlist: The waitlist is part of the college admissions process. Schools dont yet know if theyll be going to their waitlists, and if so for how many students. For MITs waitlist, I know many of you are curious; however, I wont be able to say anything until I post here, and Ill post as soon as I can, but please be patient. In the meantime, make sure you enroll at another school before May 1. Happy April 30th! Decision Day Eve Tomorrow is May 1, otherwise known as the Common Reply Date. This is the day by which admitted students need to let colleges know their enrollment decision. If youre still undecided: How can we help you make your decision? What more would you like to know about MIT? What are your lingering concerns? I am available, as are all of the bloggers, to field questions below in the comments, all the way through midnight tomorrow If you havent yet replied: As soon as youve made up your mind for sure about whether or not to attend MIT, please let us know your decision through the online reply form at MyMIT. You can reply any time today (April 30) or tomorrow (May 1); the formal deadline is 11:59pm on May 1.   You have three choices: tell us youre enrolling this fall (Yay! Welcome officially to the MIT Class of 2017!), that youre declining our offer of admission (its okay, we know youre making the best choice for yourself), or to request a deferral/gap year(s) before enrolling at MIT (for a gap year, military service, or other reason). Whatever your decision is, please do reply through the online form as soon as you can. This way, we can ensure the fairest treatment of waitlisted students. If you need more time: If you would like to request an extension of your deadline because you dont have complete financial aid information (or some other good reason), please contact Michael Yang in the Admissions Office to request the extension, and be sure to also be in touch with your financial aid officer. If youre already said YES to MIT: Yay! Were looking forward to seeing you in the fall! More information will be available soon here. If youve already said NO to MIT: Thank you for having applied; it was great getting to know you. We know youve made the right decision for yourself, and wish you all the best for your undergraduate years! If youre on the waitlist: I know many of you are curious, but we wont be able to say anything until mid-May, so please be patient. In the meantime, make sure you enroll at another school before May 1. If youre a transfer applicant: The process continues, please continue to be patient Happy April 30th!

18 Cool Creative Poster Ideas

Poster design has come a long way since the 1880s, changing in style for different eras and often strongly influenced by political or social events of the day. Posters have become a powerful and popular medium for advertising (sometimes referred to as street or guerilla marketing). In this blog, we're going to take a look at some of the gorgeous templates in the Lucidpress poster collection and how you can use them effectively to convey your unique message and reach your targeted customer base. Related: How to make a poster—tips & tricks Choosing a design We admit it's not always easy to choose a design, so to help you make up your mind, we've assigned two keywords to each poster. These keywords capture the mood of the poster and what it's ideally suited for. We've also identified "niche" posters, such as real estate or restaurants. Still, remember: Lucidpress templates are fully customizable. If you wish to use our restaurant poster to promote your software business, go right ahead. You can easily change the tone by using different color schemes or fonts. Marketing aesthetics Marketing aesthetics play a central role in creating the proper tone, and they're determined by your use of colors, shapes, lines and patterns. All poster templates here were inspired by different combinations of these key elements. 99Designs succinctly illustrates the six core elements of great design. Some tips: Lines. The Golden Ratio is a number calculated by dividing a line into two parts so that the longer part divided by the smaller part is equal to the whole length divided by the longer part. (Phew.) It's a golden rule for pleasing design. Color. Try to use your brand colors in all business collateral. Use a color picker to get the shades right. Color is an integral element for professional business designs. Shapes. Shapes and images are central to any design, and Lucidpress makes working with them easy and intuitive. Custom shapes can be used to great effect in fun, trendy and modern designs. Textures. Use the Lucidpress image editor to texturize your images and poster background. Texture is a core element of whimsical and innovative designs. Framing. Frames and borders help to focus a viewer's attention. Use them to structure your layout and content, and to layer design elements. Layering adds depth to posters and is a key element of sophisticated, cosmopolitan and luxury designs. Type. Don't forget: Fonts used for educational and research project designs should never be distracting to the reader. In Lucidpress, Pro users can upload custom fonts. Getting started only requires an internet connection—which you clearly already have. Imagine a blank wall. To decorate it, head over to our free online poster maker. Bring your ideas to life! Forests research poster template Informative | Modern Click on the image to see this template. Created with research and educational projects in mind, this poster provides ample space for images and content in a structured, brochure-like design. The slideshow is both modern and practical, and you can easily add or duplicate pages. The beauty of a one-page template is that your design remains consistent. Ready to start designing?Give us a try. Sign up free or sign up with google By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy Western wanted poster template Vintage | Fun Click on the image to see this template. Our designers created this template tongue-in-cheek. It's eye-catching and memorable with an instantly recognizable theme. Have excessive quantities of stationery gone missing at work? This is a fun and subtle way to draw attention to outlaw behavior in the office or at home. Standard advertising poster template Business | Multi-functional Click on the image to see this template. This 3-page poster is perfect for marketing your business at trade shows and exhibitions, or it can be used for an online catalog to advertise special offers. The format is deliberately simple so as not to distract from the content and to make it easy to update if you have regular campaigns. Motivational quote poster template Hard-sell | Visual Click on the image to see this template. Motivational quotes are powerful tools to inspire innovative thinking and promote a sense of well-being. Psychologist and motivation expert Jonathan Fader, PhD, says well-structured messages that use strong imagery and appeal to our aspirational nature can be powerful in changing our thought patterns and behavior. Heartland business poster template Business | Multi-functional Click on the image to see this template. This business poster template provides a surprising and unusual variety of content placeholders so you can sneak in a wealth of information. Each placeholder demands your customers' attention, and the longer they're looking at your poster, the more likely they'll absorb your message. Homegrown event poster template Inviting | Eye-catching Click on the image to see this template. We call it Homegrown because this poster has multiple layers, just like a home-baked pie. If you really want to stand out from the crowd, putting a bit of effort into creating a layered poster will help you to demonstrate the depth and originality of your company's vision. Ecosystem scientific poster template Educational | Nature Click on the image to see this template. Blue is the new green—and this eco-theme disrupts the traditional color mold quite innovatively. This huge 36" x 48" poster gives you the physical space to cover even the most complex research projects without having to resort to smaller fonts or cropped images. Weekend Away photo poster template Travel | Visual Click on the image to see this template. This trendy design showcases your professional photographs, but your message still takes center stage. It's ideal for travel and tourism businesses, for exhibitions, and for luxury brands to announce corporate events and exhibit their products. The Weekend Away is a great example of design layering. Swiss Alps travel poster template Urgent | Travel Click on the image to see this template. Contemporary and bold, this poster paints a strong message. It's a single-focus design, and you should customize it with your own bold background photograph and daringly creative fonts. The unusual text layout makes it a unique and original choice for technology startups and entrepreneurs. Nature Retreat poster template Nature | Informal Click on the image to see this template. Inspired by the layout of quality print magazine covers, Nature Retreat is eminently versatile. Our customers have used it in projects as diverse as publishing upcoming event information and showcasing their portfolios, and for school projects. The style is informal and slightly whimsical. Origami Banner event poster template Formal | Artistic Click on the image to see this template. Origami is the Japanese art of folding paper into decorative shapes and figures, dating back to the 1880s. This template combines traditional origami with a fresh, modern look to create a perfectly structured design ideal for formal and professional corporate posters. Block Party poster template Informal | Fun Click on the image to see this template. This is our flagship celebration poster. Its vibrant design and no-nonsense block layout works well for invitations and holiday events. It's a one-pager, easy to modify and with placeholders for the "who-what-when-where-why" information. The blocks and frame design are reminiscent of the calling cards of yesteryear. Night Life poster template Trendy | Events Click on the image to see this template. Like torn classic denims and multi-layered dresses, this design ushers in a new trend of visually captivating posters that challenge design rules—we wouldn't be surprised to see it in the MOMA one day. Light and dark are juxtaposed to evoke excitement and anticipation. Real Estate poster template Eclectic | Real estate Click on the image to see this template. Arguably the most versatile and stylish template in the Lucidpress collection, this block design is ultra-bold. Rather than simply invite, the poster compels customers to attend a home viewing. We've incorporated vintage and trendy elements both formal and informal... and the result rocks. Cobalt Cafà © poster template Sensual | Restaurant Click on the image to see this template. When it comes to real estate, location is everything. And when it comes to food, presentation is everything. The design mimics those used for magazine food pages, arousing your taste, visual and smell senses. The Cobalt is warm, welcoming and very practical. Cut Glass marketing poster template Innovative | Bold Click on the image to see this template. Cut Glass is cutting-edge design, perfect for technology startups and real estate innovators. Diagonal lines are more striking than horizontal or vertical ones. As explained by Vanseo Design: "Their kinetic energy and apparent movement create tension and excitement." Use this template boldly and aggressively. Cosmopolitan business poster template Luxury | Elegant Click on the image to see this template. Cosmopolitan means cultured, suave, polished and refined... an image you may want to cultivate, particularly if you have an international, sophisticated client base. The hallmarks of cosmopolitan design include the avoidance of "fluff," subtlety, attention to detail, intricacy and cohesiveness. Would these tactics serve your brand, too? Reflections company poster template Corporate | Health Click on the image to see this template. The creative inspiration for this design was the subtle reflection of images in water, clouds and shadows, conveying the impression of depth and intelligence. This poster would work particularly well for a beauty technologist, health spa or clinic, or even a luxury brand. Poster design with Lucidpress is simple thanks to our user-friendly, intuitive interface. It gives you all the functionality of traditional desktop publishing software—but without the learning curve needed when using professional packages. Now it's time for you to grab one of our free poster templates and get creative. Feeling inspired? You can design and order your brand new poster right here in Lucidpress.

Uses For Derivatives And Hedging Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3081 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In  finance, a  derivative  is a financial instrument (or, more simply, an agreement between two parties) that has a value, based on the expected future price movements of the asset to which it is linked-called the  underlying asset  such as a  share  or a  currency. There are many kinds of derivatives, with the most common being  swaps, futures, and  options. Derivatives are a form of  alternative investment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Uses For Derivatives And Hedging Finance Essay" essay for you Create order For example, a  cotton  farmer and a  miller  could sign a  futures contract  to exchange a definite amount of cash for a certain amount of cotton in the future. Now by doing this both the parties have reduced their risk. The cotton farmer was saved from the price uncertainty and the miller got saved from the unavailability of cotton. However, there are certain situations where still risk is present. There would be no availability of cotton due to vague reasons or the miller couldnt pay the quantified amount. For these reasons a third party is formed which is called as Clearing House. Although it sloves most of the future contract but not all the derivated that are insured against counter-party risk. From another perspective, both the farmer and the miller have obtained certain amount of risk and also have lessened certain amount of risk. From the farmers perspective he has lessen the risk that the price of the cotton may drop down and has simultaneously gained the risk if the cotton prices go high. Thinking from the millers perspective it has gained the risk if the prices fall down because he might have paid extra from the current prices and it has reduced the risk if the prices go up. Concluding from this situation is that both the parties are under certain type of risk. Speculation and arbitrage Derivatives can be used to obtain risk, rather than to insure or hedge against risk. Thus, some individuals and institutions will get into a derivative contract to gamble on the value of the fundamental asset, betting that the party seeking insurance will be wrong about the future value of the fundamental asset. Speculators will want to buy an asset in the future at a low price according to a contract when the future market price is high, or to sell an asset in the future at a high price according to a contract when the future market price is low. Individuals and institutions may also look for  arbitrage   opportunities, as when the current buying price of an asset falls below the price specified in a futures contract to sell the asset. Derivatives Market The Derivatives Market is meant as the market where exchange of derivatives takes place. Derivatives are one type of securities whose price is derived from the underlying assets. And value of these derivatives is determined by the fluctuations in the underlying assets. These underlying assets are most commonly stocks, bonds, currencies, interest rates, commodities and market indices. As Derivatives are merely contracts between two or more parties, anything like weather data or amount of rain can be used as underlying assets. The Derivatives can be classified as Future Contracts, Forward Contracts, Options, Swaps and Credit Derivatives. Types of Derivatives Market OTC Exchange-traded In broad terms, there are two groups of derivative contracts, which are distinguished on the way they are traded in the market : Over-the-counter  (OTC) derivatives  are contracts that are traded (and privately negotiated) directly between two parties, without going through an exchange or other intermediary during the trade. Products such as  swaps,  forward rate agreements, and  exotic options  are almost always traded through OTC. The OTC derivative market is the largest market for derivatives, and is largely free from revelation of information to other parties except the parties trading with each other, since the OTC market is made up of banks and other highly cultured parties, such as  hedge funds. Revealing of OTC amounts is difficult because trades can occur in private where the transaction is not visible on any exchange. According to the  Bank for International Settlements, the total outstanding notional amount is US$684 trillion (as of June 2008). Of this total notional amount . Because OTC derivatives are not traded on an exchange, there is no intermediary counter-party. Therefore, they are subject to  counter-party  risk, like an ordinary  contract, since each party relies on the other to perform. Exchange-traded derivative contracts  (ETD) are those derivatives instruments that are traded via dedicated  derivatives exchanges  or other exchanges. A derivatives exchange is a market where individuals trade pre-defined contracts that have been standardized by the exchange. In the Exchange Traded Derivatives Market or Future Market, exchange acts as the main party and by trading of derivatives actually risk is traded between two parties. One party who purchases future contract is said to go long and the person who sells the future contract is said to go short. The holder of the long position owns the future contract and earns profit from it if the price of the underlying asset goes up in the future. On the contrar y, holder of the short position is in a profitable position if the price of the underlying asset goes down, as he has already sold the future contract. A derivatives exchange acts as a middle person to all related transactions, and takes  Initial margin  from both the parties to act as a guarantee. Common derivative contract types There are three major classes of derivatives: Forwards Futures Options Swaps Illustration Consider 2 parties (X and Y) settle into a contract on 1st June, 2010 where, X agrees to give 10000 stocks of Hindalco to Y, at a price of Rs. 10 per share, on 29th June, 2010 (expiry date). In this contract, X, who has committed to sell 10000 shares of Hindalco at Rs. 10 per share on 29th June, 2010 has a short position and Y, who has committed to buy 10000 shares at Rs. 10 per share is said to have a long position. In scenario of physical settlement, on 29th June, 2010 (expiry date), X has to actually give delivery of 10000 Hind alco shares to Y and Y has to pay the price (10000 * Rs. 10 = Rs. 1, 00, 000) to X. In case X does not have 10000 shares to deliver on 29th June, 2010, he/she has to acquire it from the market and then deliver the stocks to Y. On the expiry date the profit/loss for each party depends on the settlement price, that is, the end closing price in the market on 29th June, 2010. Depending on the closing price, three different scenarios of profit/loss can be concluded for each party. They are as follows: Scenario I. Closing price on 29 June, 2010 is greater than the Forward price. We assume that the closing price of Hindalco on 29th June, 2010 is Rs. 10.5 Since the short investor has sold Hindalco at Rs. 10 in the Forward market on 1 June, 2010, he can get 10000 Hindalco shares at Rs. 10.5 from the market and then can be delivered them to the long investor. Therefore the person with a short position makes a loss of (10 10.5) X 10000 = Rs. 5000. If the long investor tends to sel l the shares in the market immediately after getting them, he would make a profit of (10.5 10) X 10000 = Rs. 5000. Scenario II. Closing price on 29th June, 2010 is the same as the Forward price. The short seller will get the stock from the market at Rs. 10 and give it to the long investor. As the settlement price is same as the Forward price, no contractor will gain or lose anything. Scenario III. Closing Spot price on 29th June is less than the forward price. Assume that the closing price of Hindalco on 29th June, 2010 is Rs. 9.5 The contractor who has short the shares, who has sold Hindalco at Rs. 10 in the Forward market on 1st June, 2010, will buy the share from the market at Rs. 9.5 and give it to the long investor. Therefore the contractor with a short position would make a profit of (10 9.5) X 10000 = Rs. 5000 and the contractor with a long position in the contract will lose an amount of Rs. 5000, if he sells the shares in the market immediately after getting them. The major shortcoming of physical settlement is that it results in massive transaction costs in terms of actual purchase of securities by the contractor holding a short position (in this case X) and transfer of the security to the contractor in the long position (in this case Y). Further, if the contractor in the long position is actually not interested in holding the security, then he/she will have to incur further transaction cost in disposing off the security. A different way of settlement, which helps in reducing this cost, is through cash settlement. Cash Settlement Cash settlement doesnt include actual delivery of the security. Each contractor either pays (receives) cash equal to the net loss (profit) emerging out of their respective position in the contract. So, in case of Scenario I, where the price at the expiry date (ST) was greater than the forward price (FT), the contractor with the short position will have to compensate an amount equal to the net loss to the c ontractor at the long position. In the illustration above, X will simply pay Rs. 5000 to Y on the expiry date. The reverse case is in the Scenario (III), when expiry date is less than forward price. The long contractor will be at a loss and have to pay an amount equal to the net loss to the short contractor. In the illustration above, Y will have to pay Rs. 5000 to X on the expiry date. In case of Scenario (II) where expiry date equals forward price, neither X nor Y will pay anything to anyone. In case of the physical settlement and cash settlement, the overall loss and profit position is same except for the transaction cost which is involved in physical settlement. Default risk in forward contracts A major drawback of forward contracts is that they are subject to default risk. Irrespective of whether the contract is for physical or cash settlement, there is always a possibility for one party to dishonor the contract. It could either be the seller or the seller. This ultima tely results in the other contractor suffering a loss. The risk of making losses to any of the contractor due to the other contractor dishonoring the contract is called as counter party risk. The major cause behind such risk is the lack of any negotiator between the parties, who could have taken the job of striking a contract properly between the two contractors. Default risk is also known to as counter party risk or credit risk. Forwards Futures Privately negotiated contracts Traded on an exchange Not standardized Standardized contracts Settlement dates can be set by the parties Fixed settlement dates as declared by the exchange High counter party risk Almost no counter party risk Illustration Suppose X has bought a call option of 1000 shares of Tata Steel at a price of Rs 200 per share at a premium of Rs 10. This option gives X, the buyer, the right to buy 1000 shares of Tata Steel from the seller of the option, on or before June 27th, 2010 (exp iry date of the option). The seller has the obligation to sell 1000 shares of Tata Steel at Rs 200 per share on or before June 27th, 2010 (i.e. whenever asked by the buyer). Suppose instead of buying a call, X has sold a put option on 1000 HUL shares at a price of Rs 1000 at a premium of Rs 10. This option is an obligation to X to buy 1000 shares of HUL at a price of Rs 1000 per share on or before June 27th (expiry date of the option) i.e., as and when asked by the buyer of the put option. It depends on the option buyer as to when he exercises the option. As stated earlier, the buyer does not have the obligation to exercise the option. Table 2.2: Differences between futures and options Futures Options Both the buyer and the seller are under an obligation to fulfill the contract The buyer of the option has the right and not an obligation whereas the seller is under obligation to fulfill the contract if and when the buyer exercises his right. The buyer and the seller are subject to unlimited risk of loss The seller is subjected to unlimited risk of losing whereas the buyer has limited potential to lose (which is the option premium). The buyer and the seller have potential to make unlimited gain or loss The buyer has potential to make unlimited gain while the seller has a potential to make unlimited gain. On the other hand the buyer has a limited loss potential and the seller has an unlimited loss potential. Swaps Swaps are contracts to exchange cash (flows) on or before a stated future date based on the fundamental value of currencies/exchange rates, bonds/interest rates, commodities, stocks or other assets. More complex derivatives can be created by combining the elements of these basic types. For example, the holder of a  swaption  has the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap on or before a specified future date. Just like trading of equity-linked contracts or commodity contracts; t he trading of foreign exchange traded derivatives or the future contracts has evolved as very important financial activity all over the world. The derivatives whose fundamental assets are credit, energy or metal, have shown a considerable growth rate over the years around the world. Interest rate is the only factor which influences the global trading of derivatives, the most. Derivative Market and Financial Risk Derivatives play a vital role in risk management of both financial and non-financial institutions. But, in the present world, it has become an intensifying concern that derivative market operations may destabilize the productivity of financial markets. To manage risk and to increase returns, the companies, the financial and non-financial firms are using forward contracts, future contracts, options, swaps and other various combinations of derivatives. It is true that in todays competitive world derivatives market is used an instrument for risk management. But, the major concern over here is the main components of Over the Counter (OTC) derivatives that are interest rates and currency swaps. So, the economy of the country is bound to suffer surely if the derivative market instruments are misused and if a major fault takes place in derivatives market. For example: The bubble that bursts during the phase of Harshad Mehta and Ketan Parikh. They used derivatives instrument to arbitrarily increase the rates of some commodity which helped up to certain extend but in the end the bubble burst and the whole countrys economy tumbled. Examples of Derivatives market The overall derivatives market has five major classes of fundamental asset: Interest rate derivatives  (the largest) Foreign exchange derivatives Credit derivatives Equity derivatives: Commodity derivatives: Property (mortgage) derivative Economic derivatives Freight derivatives Inflation derivatives Weather derivatives Valuation Market and arbitrage-free prices Two common measures of value are: Market price, i.e., the price at which traders are willing to buy or sell the contract; Arbitrage-free price, meaning that less profits can be made by trading in these contracts with very little risk. The contractors look at  rational pricing. Determining the market price For exchange-traded derivatives, market price is usually transparent. They are often broadcast and published in real time by the exchange. It includes all the bids and current market price of the particular contract at any point of time. With OTC or floor-traded contracts there are certain complications. As trading is handled manually, it makes difficult to automatically broadcast prices. As there is no central exchange to collate and disseminate prices, there is more complications with OTC contracts. Determining the arbitrage-free price The arbitrage-free price for a derivatives contract is multifaceted, and there are many diff erent variables to consider. The main topic of financial marketing is Arbitrage-free pricing. The  stochastic process  of the price of the underlying asset is very crucial; so a simplified version of the valuation technique is developed the  binomial options model. OTC represents the biggest task in using models as these contracts are not publicly traded and, therefore, no market price is available to authenticate the theoretical valuation. The results i.e. the final price of the most of the models depend heavily on how we have derived our input variables. It is, therefore, common that OTC derivatives are priced by Independent Agents and that both counterparties taking part in the deal should upfront when signing the contract. Criticism Derivatives are often subject to the following criticisms: Possible large losses The use of derivatives can result in increasing use of  leverage, or borrowing. The problem doesnt occur in borrowing the money but when the individual or organization is unable to repay the debt. Derivatives allow  investors  to earn large profits with a little movement in the prices. However, investors could lose large amounts if the price of the underlying moves in an unfavour condition. Counter-party risk Some derivatives (especially swaps) expose investors to  counter-party risk. For example, suppose a person wanting a fixed interest rate loan for his business, but finding that banks only offer variable rates, swaps payments with another business who wants a variable rate, synthetically creating a fixed rate for the person. However if the second business goes bankrupt, it cant pay its variable rate and so the first business will lose its fixed rate and will be paying a variable rate again. If interest rates have increased, it is possible that the first business may be adversely affected, because it may not be prepared to pay the higher variable rate. Large notional value Derivatives typically have a  large notional value. There is a risk of the investor unable to compensate for the losses that he has incurred. Now as the losses has occurred once then the investor would enter into the market to bid come out of those losses but he enters more in to losses. This could possibly lead to a chain reaction ensuing in an economic crisis which has been pointed out by famed investor  Warren Buffett  in  Berkshire Hathaways 2002 annual report. Buffett called them financial weapons of mass destruction. Benefits The use of derivatives also has its benefits: Derivatives facilitate the buying and selling of risk and many people  has a positive attitude towards derivatives on economic system. Although someone loses money while someone else gains money with a derivative, under normal circumstances. But trading in derivatives should not adversely affect the economic system because it is not  zero sums  inà ‚  utility.

Professionalism in Forensics Computing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3046 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Professionalism in Forensics Computing For the first time following the case of Jones v Kaney [UKSC 2011, 13] experts are open to being challenged under the tort of negligence for their work. Discuss the case and its implications of risk for forensics or security experts involved in the investigation and presentation of findings within the legal process. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Expert witnesses lose 400-year-old immunityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [1]Lawgazette.co.uk. This title appeared in the Law Society Gazette on March 30th 2011 following a Supreme Court decision in Jones v Kaney ([2011] UKSC 13) abolishing expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ immunity from suit. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Professionalism in Forensics Computing" essay for you Create order The immunity of expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ have been challenged a number of times, most of which occurred after the case of Hall v Simons ([2000] UKHL 38) [2]where advocatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ immunity has been abolished. It has been questioned whether expert witnesses should be treated the same as the witnesses of facts, and whether the immunity is necessary. The case of Jones v Kaney (2011) considered a dispute over an expert witness service provided by Dr Kaney to the court in personal injury case which also considered Mr. Jones. In that case, the claimant was involved in road accident causing him physical and psychiatric injuries. His solicitor has then instructed Dr Kaney to advise the court about the (psychiatric) health condition of the claimant. In her initial report she stated that the victim suffered from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The other side raised an objection on the basis that the expert witness hired on behalf of the insurance company acknowle dged that it may only have been exaggeration by Mr Jones which may or may not have been conscious. After the raised dispute, the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ were instructed to hold a discussion, which took place in November 2005. It was then held in the form of the joint statement signed by the both parties that Kaney agreed that the psychiatric injury that Jones has suffered was not PTSD, but only an adjustment reaction. She has also suggested that he might, in purpose, give the experts incorrect information. When Kaney was asked for reasoning of her indecisiveness she explained that she felt to be under the pressure of agreeing to the document and that it did not exactly represent her view. Whilst being interviewed she upheld that Jones suffered from PTSD however it was no longer relevant after the joint statement was signed. Her actions have weakened Jonesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ claim significantly, and subsequently, the personal injury claim was settled outside the court roo m.[3] Jones issued a claim for professional negligence against Kaney in respect of a road traffic case which had to be settled for considerably lesser amount due to Kaneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s change of her expert witness statement. He argued that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It was alleged (but not proved, because the case proceeded as a strike out application on assumed facts) that she had negligently agreed the terms of a joint statement with the opposing expert without seeing her opponentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report, under pressure to sign and despite the fact that it did not truly reflect her viewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  https://www.kchgardensquare.co.uk/[4] Although Kanye did try to strike out on the basis that Stanton v Callaghan 1998 case upheld that the expert witness may not be sued for negligence when preparing the joint statement, a certificate under section 12 of the Administration of Justice Act 1969 was granted (in the high court) allowing Jones to go straight through Supreme Court. The appeal was heard in January 2011 by 7 judges, which by majority (5/7) allowed the appeal which at the same time meant overruling the Stanton v Callaghan 1998. It also meant that the immunity from suite for expert witness is abolished by the decision of the Supreme Court. The majority decision considered that it was up to the Kaney to justify why the immunity from the suite should be upheld. It was a concern for the judges whether the joint statement should remain immune from the suit. Lord Phillips expressed his surprise that the immunity from the suite in regards to the expert witnesses have not yet been challenged. He noted that the immunity was first upheld in Cutler v Dixon (1585) before the tort of negligence was hardly developed. Lord Phillip stated that the expertsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ witnesses are benefiting the court voluntary and doing so for the payment. He felt that abolishing the immunity from suit would not impact the evidence giving at court, even though it will b e possible to suit them for negligence. He notes that the aspect of giving the evidence at could will be looked upon differently, however it should not discourage expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from giving their testimony at court. Lord Phillips comment the decision of Hall v Simons (2001) to be incorrect in the respect that it failed to distinguish between the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of facts. He states that the expert witness besides of having a duty to serve the court, also have a binding contract agreement with the client. At this occasion he states that the expert witnesses are more like advocates in the respect of having a duty to the court and the client. It is in his opinion that removing the immunity from the advocates has not lead to any decrease of such professionals performing their duty. He then concluded that there was no justification to uphold the immunity for breach of duty and should therefore be abolished. Lord Br own has added that the abolishing the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ will impact the quality of the services provided positively and so that it will limit the experts to give exactly what they were asked for to avoid embarrassment. This was to be due establishing initially by the experts whether their client case is not too high, or inflexible. Lord Collins has also added that it will give the client the right to retrieve appropriate remedy for insufficient services provided by the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Lastly Lord Kerr adds that there should be no fear about changing the decision from the original if such need is required. As long as it is held truthfully and there are strong grounds to do so. On the other side, there were 2 judges that were voting to uphold the decision to maintain the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ immunity from being suit. Lord Hope and Lady Hale felt not to be in the position of removing the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“long standingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  immunity, and they have expressed that it should be up to the consideration of the Law Commission and Parliament and not the Supreme Court at all. Lord Hope expressed that the immunity was in place for the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to come and give their testimony voluntarily without being in fear of being suit by the employing party. It was his concern that removing the immunity was one way process and without the legislation it will not be possible to overrule the decision. His fears are that the decision will destabilise the protection give to witnesses in general. Lord Hope disagrees with the concept of getting a remedy for what has been done wrong because of the impact it will have on expertsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ work. He establishes a potential problem that derives from the decision, namely how to amend the decision to allow the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ be suite under the negligence but not for defamation. He pointed out that the roles of advocates and expert witnesses differ and therefore cannot be compared. Lady Hale was concerned about the consequences of the decision. She pointed than rather than changing their original submission, the expert witnesses will be more likely to confirm the original decision, even if they believed it is wrong, in order to prevent being suit for the negligence. This may have substantially impact the duty to court and the reliability on which the court has to base the decision. She concluded stating that the decision was irresponsible in the context of law, and the decision should not be made by the judges but the legislative body. Historically the immunity for the expert witnesses was first establishedin Curtler v Dixon (1585). Originally immunity from suite was known as an absolute privilege to all the parties that took part in the legal proceeding, and was also recognised (Dawkins v Rokeby (1873)LR 8 QB 255)[5], and was later clarified in the form of immunity from suit(Hargreaves v Bretherton [1 959] 1QB 45)[6]. The justifications, as stated in Darker v Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police [2001] 1 AC 435[7] for immunity of witnesses in general stated: To protect witnesses who have given evidence in good faith from being harassed and vexed by unjustified claims. To encourage honest and well meaning persons to assist justice. To secure that the witness will speak freely and fearlessly.[8] What is more appealing to the expert witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ immunity is the case of Stanton v Callaghan [1998]EWCA Civ 1176 (which was overruled by Jones v Kaney). The case has upheld that immunity had protected Callaghan who was accused for breach of retainer and negligence. It must be mentioned at this point that Jones have not suit Kaney on the basis that she changed her decision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which is allowed by the Civil Procedure rule Part 35(para 2.5)[9], if there are reasonable grounds to do so. Jones has accused Kaney of being negligent by signing a document because of the outside pressures. Furthermore she has not seen the opposing party expertà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report, the joint statement did not set out what were her reflections and still, she has signed it. Once the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ immunity from suit was abolished, the case returned to High Court. There were a number of risks that was carried with the overruling decision some of which were expressed by Lord Hope and Lady Hale. The identified risks was decrease in the truthfulness on the expert witness side because rather than changing their original decision and exposing themselves with a possibility of being suite, it would be rather easier to go with what has been already submitted. There was a possibility in the decrease of the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ willing to take part in the trail from the fear and the pressure that was put upon the expert witnesses. On the same level, there is a problem in regards to the difference between the negligence and defamation. The dfference between the two terms is very thin however these are still two completely different terms. Defamation refers directly to the words spoken, and is more sophisticated word for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“lyingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It is defamation when the person is not telling the truth, the information given was hearsay and the words have harmed or caused a loss to an individual. Whereas the negli gence is neither intentional, nor planned but may have cause some type of injury. It is therefore unclear as to where the border line draws, although only the immunity for being suit for negligence has been abolished. Some of the judges have also mentioned the Civil Procedure Rules that applies to this case. There is a specifically designed part in the CPR that relates directly to the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, CPR Part 35 and accompanying supplement which is directed to the reports. CPR Part 35 setà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s out the rules for the advocates and the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as to the correctness of information, duties in court, requirements for the expert witness report, single joint experts and so on. It is important that the Justice system provides such professional with guidelines which should be followed when serving the court. Some may argue that if an individual will apply the guidelines into the investigation and presentation process, it is s afe to say that the negligence would not apply. However it must be remembered that the negligence is the unconscious act, and therefore there is no guarantee that that the expert will be completely safe. Besides of CPR which outlines the correctness of the report, and the structure that is applied when the expert witness is hired, there is also an ACPO guideline. The ACPO guides the experts whose job is to investigate a case with 4 principles which should have been maintained at all times. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“No data should be changed, the data may only be changed if it is a necessity, an audit of trail must be kept at all times, and person in charge is responsible for the evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Although I is not directly relevant to the negligence claims being allowed, if at least the two guidelines were applied to the investigation and the person himself, it would substantially decrease the chance of being negligent at any stage of the investigation or presentation. Unfortuna tely, in reality these are only the guidelines for the expert witness. The drawback of it is that it does not give the individual guarantee to not be suit. For this reason it may be that the experts will apply what I refer to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“minimalist approachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . What I mean about the minimalist approach is that the investigation for the case will be kept to the bare minimum to decrease any chances of being negligent at any stage of investigation/presentation. This may also impact the amount of information provided by the expert witnesses, because they only perform the tasks they were specifically asked to perform. The drawback may be enormous. Because the experts are only performing to the minimal standards set out by the client, the information provided back will also be minimal. If this would influence the amount of work which may now decrease due to fear of being suit, it may be possible to observe the success rate of the convictions which have employed expert witness. Moreover, on top of what has already been discussed, there are a number of factors that may impact individual experts, and their opinion. In my opinion the most common factor will be the additional stress that lies upon the experts, to pedantically apply to the procedures and rules in order not to leave any chances of being suit. A pressure, which made Dr Kaney sign the joint statement will now be even more affecting the experts and their opinion. Although there are a number of risks associated with the abolition of the immunity from being suite, there are also potential benefits that may serve the court as well as the client. It is now on behalf of the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to ensure the best quality of service is provided. This includes assessing the data/information more carefully and providing the parties with the more accurate statements and balanced reasoning. On the client side, it provides an assurance policy that if the expert was neglect at any stage of the trail; it gives the possibility to seek the remedy. It is now clear what was the reasoning behind the overruling the decision which was upheld in Stanton v Callaghan ([1998]EWCA Civ 1176) and the impact it had on the forensic and security expert witnesses. The question now is, why was the decision overruled, abolishing the experts immunity from being suit after 400 years. Well, Lord Phillips give us an indication of why it might have been. At the time the immunity was established (1585) the tort of law negligence was not much developed. It was assumed for a number of years that the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ had to be correct about their proceedings and testimonies, only in the late 19th century it started to be questioned. However the immunity was upheld for another 100 years. It was then challenged a lot more frequently as society got more educated and mishaps were discovered. Abolishing the immunity as described during the Jones v Kaney was a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… “healthy developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [10], which was directed to refresh the legal system in this domain. One may argue that the decision was reasonable. It provided the client with the assurance of being able to suit the expert witness for his negligence. A number of cases up until this point have tried and not succeeded in this area, making the expert witnesses untouchable even if there was a clear evidence of his negligent behaviour. On the other hand it may be argued that the decision was not reasonable, and as Lady Hale has pointed out, was not up to the Supreme Court to decide on such important and long lasted legislation. It has opened up a new broad area not only in expert witness field but also in witness of facts. Moreover it has to be distinguished between the negligence and defamation. One of the arguments that cannot be argued is that the decision was in benefit for the public interest. The only concern may be an opening floodgate for negligent claims regarding t he expert witnesses. The final point to be made in this article is the analysis of the risks balancing benefits and whether abolishing the immunity was for better or for the worst? It must be considered that the abolition of the immunity was challenged by 7 judges out of which 5 voted to remove it, and so it was. The rationale behind it was that the world has moved on since 1585 and a number of things have changed. One of the major impacts was the technological advancement that took place over the last 50 years. In regards to the forensics and security experts this causes a lot of issues to follow the most recent technological trends, know all the software and devices that has to be investigated, and it keeps changing on a day-to-day basis. This have made it harder to proceed with established procedures and chances for negligent action is fairly high as compared to, for example the medicine. On the benefit side it must be considered that it has been abolished for the public interest, giving the clients more manoeuvring space when it comes to negligence by the expert that was hired. It must be concluded that the risks are balancing the benefits and there are people that support the idea and those that are opposite. The importance now, is that the immunity has been abolished and every efforts needs to be put in by the expert witnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to make sure to comply with the rules, regulations and the guidelines set by the governing body. It must be remembered at all times that the law is designed to benefit the experts giving them a number of tools, which if followed correctly will not cause issues. Word Count: 2994 Page | 1 [1] https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/59804.article [2] Link do sprawy [3] High Court decision, paras. 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"5 [4] https://www.kchgardensquare.co.uk/userfiles/files/KCHGS-JonesvKaney.pdf [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part35/pd_part35#IDAXKD2 [10]

Meaning of Suteki in Japanese

Suteki is a Japanese word that means great; lovely; splendid; or wonderful. Read below for more information on this Japanese word. Pronunciation Click here to listen to the audio file. Meaning great; lovely; splendid; wonderful Japanese Characters ç ´  Ã¦â€¢ µ 㠁™ã  ¦Ã£   Example Translation Sono kamigata suteki da ne.㠁 Ã£  ®Ã© « ªÃ¥Å¾â€¹Ã§ ´  Ã¦â€¢ µÃ£   Ã£  ­Ã£â‚¬â€š or in English: You look great with that hairstyle.

Rhetorical Analysis of the Jungle Essay example - 872 Words

Rhetorical Analysis of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle The Jungle, being a persuasive novel in nature, is filled with different rhetorical devices or tools used by Sinclair to effectively convey his message. Sinclair’s goal of encouraging change in America’s economic structure is not an easy feat and Sinclair uses a number of different rhetorical devices to aid him. Through his intense tone, use of periodic sentencing, descriptive diction and other tools of rhetoric, Upton Sinclair constructs a moving novel that makes his message, and the reasoning behind it, clear. Sinclair’s use of periodic sentences allows him to cram details and supporting evidence into his sentence before revealing his interpretation of the evidence. Take for†¦show more content†¦By horrifying his audience with the brutal truth, Sinclair secures a proper response and wish for change from his audience. His tone gives fuel to his cause by effectively showing his audience why his cause is worth fighting for. Sinclair’s use of descr iptive, in depth diction serves to promote a reaction out of the reader, by depicting as thorough as possible his evidence and reasoning, similar to the purpose of his intense tone. However, this descriptive diction does more than just provoke a response out his audience as his tone does, it also strengthens the supporting evidence and reasoning behind his message.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Rhetoric Analysis of the Jungle809 Words   |  4 PagesRhetoric Analysis of an excerpt from The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Rhetorical devices are used to strengthen writing and add dimension. When used properly, they add layers of complexity to any prose as well as further evidence for an argument. No one understood this better than Upton Sinclair. Four strong rhetoric devices are periodicity, the Rule of Three, metaphor and rhetorical questions. Sinclair masterfully demonstrates these in a speech featured in his novel, The Jungle. Read MoreIntroduction. 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Oregon, Supreme Court Decision DOCUMENT #4: Anti-Lynching Writing DOCUMENT #5: Women’s Suffrage Poster DOCUMENT #6: Map of Conservation Lands DOCUMENT #7: Child Labor and Education Statistics DOCUMENT #8: United States Anti-TrustRead Moreen1320 graded assignments 11131313296 Words   |  54 PagesAssignment 2: Reflection on Essay Writing 14 Unit 3 Exercise 1: Analyzing Paragraphs 15 Unit 3 Exercise 2: Guided Reading 16 Unit 4 Lab 1: Revised and Polished Essay—Memoir or Profile 21 Unit 4 Project Part 1: Team Roles and Selection of Materials for Analysis 22 Unit 4 Assignment 1: Rà ©sumà © 24 Unit 4 Assignment 2: Cover Letter 25 Unit 4 Exercise 1: Guided Reading 26 Unit 5 Assignment 1: Genre Essay—Proposal Draft 33 Unit 5 Assignment 2: Peer Review Feedback Form 34 Unit 5 Exercise 1: Guided Reading 35Read MoreBiblical Allusions in Lord of the Flies2536 Words   |  11 Pagesbecause of their plane crash. But this fall from the sky symbolically represents their fall from the state of innocence. 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Cleanliness here seems almost antisepticRead More Cultural Activism and Culture Jamming Essay5153 Words   |  21 Pageslarge-scale impromptu street-parties which call attention to the need to reclaim social space. Klein makes the connection to culture activism this way: like adbusters, RTSers have transposed the language and tactics of radical ecology into the urban jungle, demanding uncommercialized space†¦ Klein describes others groups like the Uksubs a subvertising group, and Activist video networks like the Oxford-based Undercurrents, but places emphasis upon those activities described above. Her discussion uncovers

B.I.C. Ca 100 †Research Project †Charlie Trotter Free Essays

100 Jonathon Roehl September 30, 2010 Charlie Trotter Charlie Trotter specializes in Degustation, which is a careful, appreciative tasting of various foods and focusing on the senses. His inspiration came while he was in college and his roommate, Joel Fish, prepared various courses for his friends to taste. Trotter became interested in what Joel was doing, and soon found himself immersed in the world of cookbooks and preparing meals as a way of entertainment for his friends and roommate. We will write a custom essay sample on B.I.C. Ca 100 – Research Project – Charlie Trotter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mid way through his college tenure at The University of Wisconsin in Madison, WI, he decided to take a year off and read every book he could, this included cookbooks. As a way to make a living while on this break from school, he took a job as a waiter. Not long after he returned to college, he earned his Bachelor’s of Science degree in Political Science, then began once again cooking and actually doing small catering parties. Upon graduating from college, Charlie traveled around the U. S. and Europe to dine at only the finest restaurants. He wanted to learn how the â€Å"best† gained that title, and see what the future could possibly hold for him. Charlie actually never went to culinary school, he completely taught himself. Soon he returned to the States and began doing catering parties for his friends and families. His first cooking job was at a restaurant in the North Shore area of Chicago called Sinclair’s where he was a cook there and worked under many now well-known chefs including Norman Van Aken. After doing this for just over a year, he decided to open Charlie Trotter’s with his now deceased father, Robert Trotter, as his partner. Charlie’s cuisine now comes from the finest foodstuffs available. Networks provide the fresh, healthful ingredients which inspire him to create his masterpieces. From the naturally raised meat and line caught seafood to the organic produce, every component of each dish is the most pure available. Bobwhite quail from Indiana, petite greens from Farmer Jones, heirloom tomatoes from Illinois, buffalo from North Dakota and gindai from Hawaii are just a few of the products that arrive each day for him to crafts his menus. Trotter rather ave sauce with vegetable juice-based vinaigrettes, light emulsified stocks, and purees as well as delicate broths, and herb-infused meat and fish essences then sauces that have a lot of butter or cream. According to the Mobil Travel Guide, Charlie’s restaurant was giving 5 stars back in 1996 and remains that way even now. For his wine Charlie was awarded The Best Restaurant in the World for Wine and Food in 1998, The Best Restaurant in the Un ited States back in 2000, America’s Best Wine-Driven Restaurant in 2006 as well as The Grand Award in 1993, which he still holds. From the International food Manufacturers Association he was earned both the Silver and Gold Plate award in 2008. Trotter has been awarded many more other then these. I feel that Trotter is an excellent example of chefs with imagination and how you really do need to use your head and alter and expand anything from simple recipes to your whole cuisine choice considering this man NEVER went to a culinary arts school. How to cite B.I.C. Ca 100 – Research Project – Charlie Trotter, Essays

Effects of Social Media on Life free essay sample

Over Relying on Social Media Have you ever spent more than 2 hours checking your social media? Nowadays, a majority of people, especially teenagers use social media almost all the time. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Social Media on Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, social media in todays world has become a part of peoples daily lives and people use them to update their lives, find new friends or maintain the relationships with their old friends and family. However, the overbalance on social media is having a negative effect on the way people socialize because it makes people waste their time, it affects relationships between people in the real world, and it causes people to have a robber with their writing skills. First of all, people who over rely on social media waste almost all of their time on their computers or smartness. It is easy to go online and check our social media, especially on smartness, which gives us a very easy function that takes less than 1 minute to go online and they improve it to be easier and more convenient all the time. Because of its ease and convenience, people go online and check their social media very often. Even though it takes less time to go online, it takes more time to explore in the online world. When you start, it is hard to stop because you cannot intro your curiosity. In the article, Confessions of an Instant Messenger, Condor Bollard claims that instant messaging is like a snowball, it will become bigger and bigger, and when you notice, you are not able to stop. This seems to be undemanding, but it makes you have no time to study, work or do other things. For example, I am addicted to social media. I always check my social media on my phone before doing my homework, going to shower and going to sleep and it always makes me go to bed late because I spend more than 2 hours on it. It seems like it is not hard to stop this bait, but when it really happens, you are unconscious of it. Second, over using social media affects the relationships between people in the real world. When people feel that they know a lot about others from Backbone and Twitter, they do not want to know them anymore. Social media creates the world in which everybody can contact others and show their emotions by writing on their pages all the time. As a result, writing too much about yourself and daily life in your social media will make others learn a lot about you, but they may lose interesting in you. For instance, my friend, Ann, was sick, and she tweeted about her sickness on re Twitter and posted her pictures on Backbone and Instating, and she updated almost every hour. Almost all of her friends on Backbone, Twitter and Instating posted many comments in her pages. However, I did not see that any of her friends wanted to go to see, talk and stay with her. In my opinion, it is sad that she has a lot of friends who wrote comments to her online life, but no one wanted to see her in the real life. Thus, this example showed me that the social media affects the relations between people in the real world. I also have another example, which happened with e about my relationship with my friends after I used social media too much. Two years ago, when I Just graduated from the university, I spent almost all of my time in front of my computer because at that time I had nothing to do except wait for a Job. I wasted my time by looking at my friends Passbooks. I read and commented on all the things that my trends posted on their pages. I tell like I was continually getting closer to them more and more. However, this feeling made me happy with my life in front of the computer. I felt that I did not want to go out to see and hang out with them anymore. This happened to me for a month until my close friend, Cloy, told me that she had not seen me for more than a month and she thought that we should meet. Her words helped me to realize that I should have my real life not only the life in front of the computer. So, I gave that life up and tried to spend more time outside with my friends and family. Third, people have a problem with their writing skills when they depend on social media too much. Using social media lets people post and comment all the time. Therefore, it makes people try to create short words to save their time which make it ore convenient for them to type. In contrast, the short words, which the new generation created, may make their writing skills become worse. In the article, Twitter as Newsweek, Art Silverberry states, Twitter is anti-democratic. It helps create a young generation that not only cannot spell but is also incapable of examining the implications of ideas, challenging information, and thinking independently. So, in addition to social media making teenagers not spell words correctly, which is an important skill for writing, other skills such as thinking by your win, critical thinking and investigative the insinuations of ideas are also essential for writing. Silverberry declares that the young generation is incapable of using these skills well. Furthermore, many people start to write a formal essay or paper, which was assigned by their teacher or professor, by using informal words or the words which they use for chatting with their friends. For example, I saw my friend using r instead of are while writing an email to his professor. That made me feels strange. I dont like the way he wrote even though I know it will happen more increasingly in he future. Some people believe that using social media can help them make more friends. In the article, Im so Totally, Digitally Close to You, Clive Thompson argues that Backbone and Twitter make the users think that they are not lonely, and following some strangers for a couple months lets them no longer feel like strangers. It might be true that social media such as Backbone and Twitter can help people make more friends. However, the people whom we call friends in social media are not truly our friends in the real world. We Just know their names, their pictures and whatever they cost on their pages. On the contrary, we rarely have the time for face to face relations these days. This is a very significant thing because humans always require real relationships in the real world. Like my example above, where I talked about my friend who was sick and none of her social media friends wanted to see her. These are not real friends and real relations. So, it is nothing to have a thousand online friends whom you have never met. Having only 10 friends who are always with you is better. In summary, it is okay to use social media to follow the trend, stay up to date, and understand the people in this and next generations. However, people in this and next generations should not rely on using social media too much to the point that they cannot control it because over relying on social media has negative effects on the way people socialize. Moreover, they should use it to get benefits, try to take advantage of it, and create their own elite in which they can manage a g virtual life and the real life. References 1 . Bollard, Condor. Confessions of an Instant Messenger. Twitter as Newsweek. 3. Thompson, Clive. Im so Totally, Digitally Close to You. balance be 2. Silverberry, Art.

Impact of Water Pollution-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Using the Deepwater Horizon oil spill as an example, describe the impact of water pollution on the environment and discuss a strategy that has been used to control or prevent these impacts. Answer: Introduction: Water covers the 2/3rd of the surface of the Earth. The population of earth is growing over the years as a result; they are creating pressure on the water resources of the Planet. Human activities are spoiling the water resources. The quality of water is being destroyed and as a result, water pollution occurs. Water pollution is one of the major types of environmental pollution. Water is the essential thing for sustainability and is a part of the biosphere (Peukert et al. 2014). Therefore, it is necessary to save the water for the wellbeing of the planet. It helps to provide energy, minerals and balance the life- cycle. The assignment focuses on the causes of water pollution and the incidence of deepwater horizon oil spill. The significance of the incidence of deepwater horizon oil spill is discussed. Water pollution has a strong impact on environment and it needs to be reduced. The impact and the strategies to prevent the water pollution are discussed. Causes of water pollution: Human activity is the main reason of the water pollution. These activities reduced the quality of water. Water pollution occurs due to various reasons and this is a critical issue in present days. The main causes of the water pollution are stated below: Sewage: As the number of people on the earth is increasing with the time, the number of sewage is also increasing and becomes the major problem of the world. The sewage is mixed with the drinking water as it goes to the river, and ocean (Laws 2017). This is harmful for the human health. It causes the diseases like diarrhea. Wastewater: Another major reason of the water pollution is the wastewater. Most of the industries are set up at the bank of the rivers and they throw the wastewater of chemicals in the river. Some of the times, the chemicals are washed off from the drains of the factories and the harmful chemicals mixed in the water (Klein 2013). These chemicals mix in the water and cause the death of the fishes and results respiratory problems in human. Chemical waste: Most of the detergents are made of toxic chemicals like polychlorinated biphenyls. This type of chemicals is mainly used to make the electronic circuit boards. When this type of chemicals mixes in the water and pollutes the water, it harms the aquatic life as well as terrestrial and avian lives. This type of chemical reduces the amount of oxygen, nitrogen, and essential minerals from the water and as a result, the amount of carbon dioxide increases (Kneese 2015). Radioactive waste: Radioactive waste is the great danger for the people. It is the powerful ray and can spread the pollution in the environment. The waste material of the nuclear power plants pollutes the water (Prouty et al. 2016). From the past decades, the number of shell and fishes death rate increases in the present decades due to the water pollution. Oil pollution: Most of the ocean pollution occurs due to the oil spill in the water. Due to the tanker accident, the oil spill occurs and the oil enters into the water of ocean. This mainly kills the aquatic animals and destroys the biodiversity system (Chanton et al. 2014). When the oil mixes with the water, the water becomes contaminated. This may cause food borne illness, cancer, and other problems in human being. Plastics: Plastic is the most dangers component that is harmful for the human being. Plastic does not decay and floats with the wave, when it is thrown to the water. It contains poisonous chemicals that cause water pollution. Incidence of Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: The deepwater horizon oil spill is the disaster that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010. Due to this disaster, eleven people died. King et al. (2015) mentioned it as the biggest marine oil spill in petroleum industrial history. The US government has estimated total discharge at the 4.9 million barrel oil after the occurrence of the accidents. In September 2010, the well became sealed. However, in 2012, the seal became leaked and the threat of the accidents rose. After the accident, the protection in the beaches and wetlands were increased. It took long time to remove the spill from the water of Gulf of Mexico. It killed various aquatic animals and the ecosystem of the water became hampered. Huge damage occurred in the water life. From a report of 2013, it is found that, most of dolphins and other aquatic animals continued to die that is much higher than the normal rate of death (Lamendella et al. 2014). As per a report of 2014, after come in contact with oil spill, the defo rmation of heart and nervous system is seen in the tuna and amberjack. These types of deformities reduce the life span. The amount of the carbon dioxide has increased in the water of the Gulf of Mexico. Significance of Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: The explosion of the deep- water horizon oil spill is significant in the history of the water pollution. In causes severe damages among the aquatic life as well as the terrestrial life. Due to this, 11 workers were killed and this the largest oil spill at marine. Huge damage occurred in the water life. From a report of 2013, it is found that, most of dolphins and other aquatic animals continued to die that is much higher than the normal rate of death (Michel et al. 2013). The spill changed the water composition and damaged the water for using. It took a long time to clear the spill and preserver the eco system again. The crisis spoilt the conservation system of the coast that was running from 25 years. Different scientists of different countries checked the water after the incident occurs. The pH balance of the water of Gulf of Mexico became misbalanced as different types of chemicals were mixed in the water like methane, PHAs, and carbon dioxide. It damaged the natural resources. Sc ientists revealed that the disease among the aquatic animals is the result of the oil spill. The infants of the aquatic animals became abnormal after came in contact with the oil spill. The habitants of the water were damaged and damaged the lifestyle of the habitants. The dolphins were injured much. This incident not only damaged the surface level of water but also damaged the deep water. The oil spills contained 40% of methane that was high than the normal oil. Methane can create a suffocating environment and makes a dead zones. For this reason, the BP had to come in a settlement and they had to provide a compensation of $8.8 billion. This money was spent for the restoration of and recreational purpose. However, Yuan et al. (2014) mentioned that it is not easy to restore the natural resources again. The impact of this incident of deepwater horizon oil spill on the environment is very significant and for longtime. Impact of Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on environment: The area, where the spill occurred, hosts approximately 8,332 species. This includes near about 1270 fishes, 1456 mollusks, 218 birds, 1503 crustaceans, 604 polychaetes, 29 marine mammals, and 4 sea turtles. Before the spill, the water contains 40 times less polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The PAHs contains the carcinogenic compounds that are harmful for the aquatic and terrestrial living beings (Incardona et al. 2014). The oil spills contained 40% of methane that was high than the normal oil. Methane can create a suffocating environment and makes a dead zones. Due to the depletion of oxygen, the death rate of aquatic animals increases. The toxins of the oil spill can causes of the irregular heartbeat in the aquatic animals. Gulf of Mexico is one of the productive ocean and had the best ecosystem in the world. After the incident, the number of the predator fishes decreased and the effect of this is found in human being also. The oil spill polluted not only the surface water of the Gulf of Mexico but also the deep water in unpredictable amount. It damaged the natural resources (Gray et al. 2014). The habitants of the water were damaged and damaged the lifestyle of the habitants. Moreover, the oil spill increased the temperature and the water level of the ocean. It destroyed the eggs of the aquatic animals. Some of the fishes were found with oozing sores and lesions. The ecosystem of the Gulf of Mexico became endangered. It damaged the ocean floor and the number of unusual death increased. The most important thing is that most of the death bodies of the aquatic bodies were not found and they decade in the underwater of Gulf of Mexico (Brame et al. 2013). This increases the pollution rate also. The birth rates of the aquatic life decreased. The dead bodies of dolphins washed up on the ocean at the coastal area of Mississippi and Alabama. From that time, only 17% of the dolphins are surviving and many deformities are seen in the aquatic animals after the incident occurred (Gutierrez et al. 2013). Scientists revealed that the disease among the aquatic animals is the result of the oil spill. The infants of the aquatic animals became abnormal after came in contact with the oil spill. Prevention of water pollution: The water pollution needs to be prevented. People should be aware. They should pour hot water or waste material in the water of river or ocean. The cooking products like fat, grease, and oil should not be thrown in the water. The most dangerous thing is the plastic that contains the harmful chemicals. These chemicals are harmful for the respiratory system and decrease the rate of the rate of the reproduction (Garcia-Pineda et al. 013). Hence, people should not throw the plastic in the water. Moreover, the people of industrial belt need to be careful and should not throw the wastewater and chemicals into water. The waste materials of human and other living beings also should not be exposed to the drinking water. The government needs to pass strict rules and regulation for the sustainability of the water. In future, the people may suffer from the water crisis. Therefore, it is necessary to save the drinking water. The human activity needs modification and they should obey the rules and regulation of the government to avoid the spoilage of water. The disposal of the decaying things is harmful for the water and it should be banned. The government needs to check the pH of the oceans and rivers in every two years. The use of pesticides and chemicals in the fields also should be avoided. The government needs to take appropriate steps to avoid the spoilage of water and should take the steps to preserve the water (Kleinnijenhuis et al. 2015). The clearance of the sewage needs proper maintenance so that it cannot mix in the rivers. To save the eco system of the water, the government of U.S. took some steps that the citizens need to follow and should not break the rules, which is punishable offence. Conclusion: Based on the above discussion, it can be said that human activities are spoiling the water resources. Water is the essential thing for sustainability and is a part of the biosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to save the water for the wellbeing of the planet. Human activity is the main reason of the water pollution. . It took long time to remove the spill from the water of Gulf of Mexico. It killed various aquatic animals and the ecosystem of the water became hampered. Most of dolphins and other aquatic animals continued to die that is much higher than the normal rate of death. The impact of this incident of deepwater horizon oil spill on the environment is very significant and for longtime. After the incident, the number of the predator fishes decreased and the effect of this is found in human being. The birth rates of the aquatic life decreased. The dead bodies of dolphins washed up on the ocean at the coastal area of Mississippi and Alabama. References Brame, J.A., Hong, S.W., Lee, J., Lee, S.H. and Alvarez, P.J., 2013. Photocatalytic pre-treatment with food-grade TiO 2 increases the bioavailability and bioremediation potential of weathered oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.Chemosphere,90(8), pp.2315-2319. Chanton, J., Zhao, T., Rosenheim, B.E., Joye, S., Bosman, S., Brunner, C., Yeager, K.M., Diercks, A.R. and Hollander, D., 2014. Using natural abundance radiocarbon to trace the flux of petrocarbon to the seafloor following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Environmental science technology,49(2), pp.847-854. Garcia-Pineda, O., MacDonald, I., Hu, C., Svejkovsky, J., Hess, M., Dukhovskoy, D. and Morey, S.L., 2013. Detection of floating oil anomalies from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with synthetic aperture radar.Oceanography,26(2), pp.124-137. Gray, J.L., Kanagy, L.K., Furlong, E.T., Kanagy, C.J., McCoy, J.W., Mason, A. and Lauenstein, G., 2014. Presence of the Corexit component dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in Gulf of Mexico waters after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Chemosphere,95, pp.124-130. Gutierrez, T., Singleton, D.R., Berry, D., Yang, T., Aitken, M.D. and Teske, A., 2013. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria enriched by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill identified by cultivation and DNA-SIP.The ISME journal,7(11), p.2091. Incardona, J.P., Gardner, L.D., Linbo, T.L., Brown, T.L., Esbaugh, A.J., Mager, E.M., Stieglitz, J.D., French, B.L., Labenia, J.S., Laetz, C.A. and Tagal, M., 2014. Deepwater Horizon crude oil impacts the developing hearts of large predatory pelagic fish.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(15), pp.E1510-E1518. King, G.M., Kostka, J.E., Hazen, T.C. and Sobecky, P.A., 2015. Microbial responses to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: from coastal wetlands to the deep sea.Annual review of marine science,7, pp.377-401. Klein, L., 2013.Causes and Effects: River Pollution. Elsevier. Kleinnijenhuis, J., Schultz, F., Utz, S. and Oegema, D., 2015. The mediating role of the news in the BP oil spill crisis 2010: How US news is influenced by public relations and in turn influences public awareness, foreign news, and the share price.Communication Research,42(3), pp.408-428. Kneese, A.V., 2015.Water Pollution: Economics Aspects and Research Needs. Routledge. Lamendella, R., Strutt, S., Borglin, S., Chakraborty, R., Tas, N., Mason, O.U., Hultman, J., Prestat, E., Hazen, T.C. and Jansson, J.K., 2014. Assessment of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill impact on Gulf coast microbial communities.Frontiers in microbiology,5. Laws, E.A., 2017.Aquatic pollution: an introductory text. John Wiley Sons. Michel, J., Owens, E.H., Zengel, S., Graham, A., Nixon, Z., Allard, T., Holton, W., Reimer, P.D., Lamarche, A., White, M. and Rutherford, N., 2013. Extent and degree of shoreline oiling: Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Gulf of Mexico, USA.PloS one,8(6), p.e65087. Peukert, S., Griffith, B.A., Murray, P.J., Macleod, C.J. and Brazier, R.E., 2014. Intensive management in grasslands causes diffuse water pollution at the farm scale.Journal of environmental quality,43(6), pp.2009-2023. Prouty, N.G., Fisher, C.R., Demopoulos, A.W. and Druffel, E.R., 2016. Growth rates and ages of deep-sea corals impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,129, pp.196-212. Yuan, B., Warneke, C., Shao, M. and de Gouw, J.A., 2014. Interpretation of volatile organic compound measurements by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry over the deepwater horizon oil spill.International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,358, pp.43-48.